“ Smart” mode waits for all active clients to disconnect and any online backup to finish. Three different shutdown methods can be selected with the -m option. In stop mode, the server that is running in the specified data directory is shut down. Use of either -l or output redirection is recommended. These default behaviors can be changed by using -l to append the server's output to a log file. On Windows, by default the server's standard output and standard error are sent to the terminal. The standard output of pg_ctl should then be redirected to a file or piped to another process such as a log rotating program like rotatelogs otherwise postgres will write its output to the controlling terminal (from the background) and will not leave the shell's process group. On Unix-like systems, by default, the server's standard output and standard error are sent to pg_ctl's standard output (not standard error). The server is started in the background, and its standard input is attached to /dev/null (or nul on Windows). A database cluster is a collection of databases that are managed by a single server instance. The init or initdb mode creates a new PostgreSQL database cluster. It also provides convenient options for controlled shutdown. Although the server can be started manually, pg_ctl encapsulates tasks such as redirecting log output and properly detaching from the terminal and process group. Pg_ctl is a utility for initializing a PostgreSQL database cluster, starting, stopping, or restarting the PostgreSQL database server ( postgres), or displaying the status of a running server.
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